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DEFINITIONS
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αββα is a Greek word that is a
transliteration of the Hebrew/Aramaic/Chaldee word (אב), ’âb, and is translated into English
as "father". It was a customary title used of God in prayer by
Jews. In three instances, Mark 14:36, Romans 8:15
and Galatians 4:6, the Greek word occurs in conjunction with the Greek
word, πατηρ. One interpretation is that the
Chaldee word ‘âb was a sacred proper name for God, to which Greek
speaking Jews(not Gentiles) added the name, πατηρ. πατηρ is a Greek word that is
translated into English as "father" but also has a meaning of
the immediate male ancestor, progenitor, or biological antecedent of a
person or persons. Also, πατηρ can have a
meaning of an ancestor, such as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob-Israel, et al, who
were the founders of tribes. (See the House of Jacob, Isaiah 10:20)
Frequently πατηρ is presented as
"forefather" or "patriarch" in English versions, as
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob-Israel are so called. For example, "our
father Isaac" (Ισαακ
του πατρος
´ημων) appears in Romans 9:10 of the KJV and "Abraham our
forefather" (Αβρααμ
τον προπατορα)
appears in Romans 4:1 of
the RSV)
Brethren,
brothers(αδελφοι);
brother(αδελφος).
1. Male offspring having both parents in common with another offspring; a
male sibling; a man or boy numbered among the same race or nationality.
2. A brother, whether born of the same two parents or only of the same
father or mother. 3. Having the same national ancestor, belonging to the
same people, or countryman. 4. His brothers by blood. 5. any fellow or
man. 6. A fellow believer, united to another by the bond of affection. 7.
An associate in employment or office. 8. Brethren in Christ. 9. All men.
10. Apostles. 11. Christians, as those who are exalted to the same
heavenly place.
ethnos/εθνος,
nations, people.
There were at least two Hebrew words for the
"people" who were inhabitants of either Israel or lands foreign
to Israel(see ethnos, oi): people, provinces, nations, principalities,
regions, countries, kingdoms, realms, states, terrains, territories,
tribes, host, multitude, herd, swarm, and/or geographical areas, whether
they were of Israel or not, Jewish tribes or not. The Hebrew words are
transliterated as `am and gôy, with `am being used for Jews and gôy in
its plural form used for non-Jews. Gôy also meant an obdurate Jew who did
not hold to the Law, all the while either knowing or not knowing the Law
of Moses.
Jew, `am, laos, Greek singular, also people or human groups
Jews, laoi, Greek plural infrequently used
Nation, gôy, εθνος, also obdurate Jew or Gentile
Nations, εθνη, οι, obdurate Jews or
Gentiles
Obdurate Jews
would be Gentile also and when defined as foreign, pagan, or even
domiciled in Israel itself. The LXX used the Greek word laos
in its translation of `am and ethnos in its translation of gôy.
In the Greek
New Testament, the Greek words ethnos(εθνος,
εθνη, οι used as nouns) which can have
meanings of race, habit, tribe, foreign, pagan, heathen, nation, people,
but not always or even Gentile (non-Jew) and which is derived from the
Greek word ethõ(to be by custom, manner, habit, convention, host,
multitude), needs to be rendered as having a meaning of
"people(s)" regardless of their theological bent.
To repeat, it
is important to understand that the Greek word ethnos, as used in the New
Testament, has no definitive, explicit, absolute, conclusive, exclusive,
technical, unequivocal, unique(singular), universally translatable, or
sole meaning of "Gentile", non-Jew. That is, the Greek word
ethnos is not to be universally translated into English as
"Gentile" but must be translated into English within the context
of its use within Scripture, not elsewhere.
There are at
least 60 occurrences within the New Testament Greek where ethnos
has no singular or unique use. That is, it has a meaning of
"people", including Jews. When Jesus of Nazareth called Paul to
carry his name before the nations(ethnõn), the Jews were obviously not
excluded because Paul went first, foremost and chiefly to the synagogues
of the nations and was specifically instructed to go to the kings and
sons of Israel(Acts 9:15)
Portions of
the preceding definitions are from Bromiley, Geoffrey, Theological
Dictionary of The New Testament(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985),
Copyright © William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-85364-322-9
and are used by permission.
Denomination, a class or kind of persons or things
distinguished by a specific name such as Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal,
Lutheran, etc.
Genealogy is an account or a history of
the descent of a person or family from an ancestor or ancestors. It can
be an enumeration or listing of ancestors and their descendants in the
natural order of succession. It can be a pedigree, lineage or regular
descent of a person or family from a progenitor. It can be an
investigation or study of family descent.
Gentile, non-Jew. Originally from the
French, gentil; Latin, gentilis, nation, country, clan,
tribe
House is defined as a family,
ancestors, descendants, sons, children, heirs, or seed, +++, who are
biologically related. But, it is not specific unless it is defined. For
example, The House of Benjamin would mean those who were descended from
Benjamin the son of Jacob-Israel. Paul was a descendant of Abraham, of
the the House of Israel(i.e., a descendanat of Jacob), of the Tribe of
Benjamin. Similarly, the House of Israel, in Matthew 15:24 and the Seed of
Israel in 1 Chronicles 16:13-18, are the descendants of the Patriarch
Jacob who was renamed Israel
in Genesis 32:28. His descendants are also named Israelites.(Romans 9:6,
11:1; Philippians 3:5)
Israelites are defined as descendants of
Jacob who had been renamed Israel.(Genesis 32:28) They are members of the
Hebrew people who inhabited the ancient kingdom of Israel and are
considered to be God's chosen people.(1 Chronicles 16:13, 14-18) From
Paul's perspective, those who were descendants of Jacob-Israel(Israelites)
were Jews who lived in Jerusalem and all of Judea, the Roman province
that had as its capital Caesarea. Judea included,
or had included in times past, the nations of Israel
and Judah.
Important for Paul's teaching were the remnant who were Jews of the
Dispersion, those of Syria, Asia, Galatia, Macedonia, Achaia, Italia and
Spain.(Isaiah 10:21, 11:11, 16)
Metaphor, a figure of speech in which
one thing is likened to another, different thing by being spoken of as if
it were that other thing. Implied comparison in which a word or phrase
ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
Nation/εθνος The Greek word
εθνος, nation, and its various grammatical forms
such as εθνη, nations, are generic and intended to
represent a body of people or peoples, including Jewish groups, which are
associated with a particular geographic territory, that is sufficiently
conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a government uniquely its
own, or to be subject to another government, such as, peoples, provinces,
principalities, areas, regions, countries, districts, empires, kingdoms,
states, terrains, territories, tribes, human groups, or ethnicity as a
common characteristic, but which are based on territorial or cultural
differences, not specifically theological differences. That is, the
inhabitants are not defined by or limited to their theological
beliefs.(e.g., Asia, Matthew 28:19, Go therefore and make disciples of
all the nations, παντα τα εθνη)
See Page 18 of Paul: The Apostle To The Jews At Rome, Volume IV
for a more complete definition of the Greek word
εθνος and for its Paradigm.
Remnant are Jews of the Dispersion,
the Disapora. In Paul's context, they are Jews who are scattered to the
Greek speaking nations, the nations to which he went - the nations of Syria,
Asia, Galatia,
Macedonia,
Achaia, Italia and Spain.
Paul was "the chosen vessel to carry my (Jesus') name to the nations
and the kings and sons of Israel."(9:15)
The "sons of Israel"
are Israelites, descendants of the patriarch Jacob. Israelites are Jews
who are descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, who had been renamed Israel.
The remnant are Israelites. In Paul's context, remnant are Children of
the Promise who are Jews scattered to the nations. In Paul's context, the
remnant are Jews of the Dispersion.
Septuagint, LXX, was a Greek translation of
the Hebrew Text. The Greek translation was then translated into other
languages, such as the first English translations of the Old Testament.
Much could be lost in two or more language translations. See, for
example, Hebrew to Greek to French to English translations.(i.e., The
Jerusalem Bible)
Tradition, noun [< Latin traditio(onis)
= delivery, handing over < traditus, past participle of tradere
= to deliver]
An act of delivering
or handing over customs, doctrines, practices, beliefs, rites, and
opinions into the hands of others from generation to generation by oral
or written communication.
Examples of
traditions that are not mandated or required by Scripture for salvation:
angels with wings, denominations, canon laws, ordinations, celibate
priests, male pastors or teachers, marriage ceremonies, denominational
church ordered baptisms, eucharists and confirmations done for the sole
requirement of membership in a church, chapter and verse numbers of
Scripture, church hierarchy, seasons or celebrations of the Christian
church such as Christmas and Easter, crucifixes, statutes of veneration,
tithes, rapture ... any tradition created by man and not God.
Translate/Transliterate:
“To translate” is defined as “to change
a word from one language to a word in another language”. For example, the
Greek word ανθρωπος
is translated as the English word “man.”
ανθρωπος
is translated as man
“To transliterate” is defined as “to
represent the words, letters or sounds of one language with the words,
letters or sounds of another language”. For example, the Greek letters of
the word ανθρωπος
are transliterated as the English letters, anthrōpos.
ανθρωπος
is transliterated as anthrōpos
Certain sounds are also represented by
different letters. For example, Greek double letters, such as the double gamma, γ γ, in the word
αγγελος,
are represented by the sounds of the English letters ng, rather than gg, as the word angelos.
αγγελος is transliterated as angelos
but
αγγελος is translated as “messenger” or
“angel”
אמנה (With vowel points)
The Hebrew word for faith
is transliterated as ’emunah and pronounced in
English as emunah, with
the English letters in reverse order. It is translated
correctly as “faithfulness”, as an action.
’ represents (transliterates) the consonant, א, which is silent. With the vowel
point ֱ it has the sound of "e" in
the English word "met".
מ is
transliterated as the English letter “m”. ו is transliterated as either the English
letters “v” or “w”. With the vowel point ּ
in the middle of the letter, it has the sound of the letter “u” in
the English “rule”, an “ooo” sound.
The נ is transliterated as the English letter “n”
but with the vowel point ָ beneath the letter,
it has a “na” sound. (Every consonant except those
that end a word or end with א,
must be followed by a vowel sound)
The letter ה is a consonant and transliterated at the
English letter “h” and has the sound of the “h” in the name
Hellen or the words “his” or “hers”.
Emunah
occurs in Deuteronomy 32:20 and Habakkuk 2:4, “The just shall live by
faithfulness”. The Apostle Paul quoted that verse in one of his letters,
Hebrews 10:38. And is Strong No. 530. (See James Strong's Exhaustive
Concordance)
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The Basic
Hebrew Alphabet
אַאּבּגּדּהּוּזּטּיּךּכּמּנּסּףּפּצּקּרּשּתּ
אַאָאּאּ
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